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Indian road network - Wikipedia. Major highways in Indian road network.
India has a road network of over 4,6. At 0. 6. 6 km of roads per square kilometre of land, the quantitative density of India's road network is similar to that of the United States (0. China (0. 1. 6) or Brazil (0. However, qualitatively India's roads are a mix of modern highways and narrow, unpaved roads, and are being improved. As of 2. 01. 1, 5. In terms of quality, all season, 4 or more lane highways, India has less than 0. These are some of the lowest road and highway densities in the world.
For context, United States has 2. France about 1. 5 kilometres per 1. In terms of all season, 4 or more lane highways, developed countries such as United States and France have a highway density per 1. India. India in its past did not allocate enough resources to build or maintain its road network. Policy delays and regulatory blocks reduced the rate of highway construction awards to just 5. Private builders and highway operators are also implementing major projects - for example, the Yamuna Expressway between Delhi and Agra was completed ahead of schedule and within budget.
India's average was 7. Japan's 4. 9 lane km, and USA's 1. Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal had the lowest lane kilometer densities in India. Ruling emperors and monarchs of ancient India had constructed roads to connect the cities. Archaeological excavations give us fresh information about road connectivity in ancient India. The Grand Trunk Road was built by Sher Shah Suri in 1. Sonargaon near Dhaka in Bangladesh with Peshawar in modern- day Pakistan linking several cities from in India.
Beyond that, between 1. India witnessed no new major projects, and the roads were poorly maintained. Predominantly all roads were single lane, and most were unpaved. India had no expressways, and less than 2.
In 1. 98. 8, an autonomous entity called the National Highways Authority of India was established in India by an Act of Parliament, and came into existence on 1. June 1. 98. 9. The Act empowered this entity to develop, maintain and manage India's road network through National Highways. However, even though the Authority was created in 1.
India introduced widespread economic liberalization in the early 1. Since 1. 99. 5, the authority has privatized road network development in India, and by May 2. National Highways, of which 2. It enables the country's transportation sector to contribute 4. India. Road transport has gained in importance over the years despite significant barriers and inefficiencies in inter- state freight and passenger movement compared to railways and air. The government of India considers road network as critical to the country's development, social integration and security needs of the country.
The table below describes the regulating bodies. Road classification. Authority responsible. Total kilometres (as of 2. National Highways.
Ministry of Road Transport & Highways (Central government)9. However, a few of the National Highways have concrete roads too.
In some locations, such as in Kanpur, British- built concrete roads are still in use. Concrete roads were less popular prior to 1. However, with large supplies of cement in the country and the virtues of concrete roads, they are gaining popularity.
Concrete roads are durable, weather- proof and require lower maintenance compared to bituminous roads. Moreover, new concrete pavement technology has developed such as cool pavement, quiet pavement and permeable pavement, which has rendered it more attractive and eco- friendly.
The National Highways are the backbone of the road infrastructure and the major roads in India. They carry most of India's freight and passenger traffic. State highways and major district roads constitute the secondary and interconnecting roads in India. The sortable table below lists national highway density in India per state or union territory.
A, 8. 0, 8. 1 & 1. India. 70,5. 48. 0. Expressways. The 1. Yamuna Expressway, India's longest six- laned controlled- access opened on 9 August 2. The government has drawn up a target to lay 1.
National Highways in India are designated as NH followed by the highway number. Indian national highways are further classified based on the width of carriageway of the highway.
As of March 2. 01. India had completed and placed in use the following newly built highways.
The NHAI is undertaking the developmental activities under National Highways Development Project (NHDP) in 5 phases. The NHAI is also responsible for implementing other projects on National Highways, primarily road connectivity to major ports in India. As of June 2. 01. Phase I, II, III and V of India's national effort has already finished and put in use about 1.
The country is in process of building an additional 3. India. Of this target, about 1.
June 2. 01. 2, and about 1. The country targets to build 6. National Highway classification. Independent of the NHDP program, state governments have been implementing a number of state highway projects since 2.
By 2. 01. 0, state highway projects worth $1. Their total length is about 1. It also connects Taluka headquarters and rural areas to District headquarters within the state. These roads are in poor shape, affecting the rural population's quality of life and Indian farmer's ability to transfer produce to market post- harvest. Over 3. 0 percent of Indian farmer's harvest spoils post- harvest because of the poor infrastructure.
Many rural roads are of poor quality, potholed, and unable to withstand the loads of heavy farm equipment. These roads are also far from all season, good quality 2- lane or 4- lane highways, making economic resource flow slow, and logistical costs between different parts of India one of the highest in the world. For the development of these rural roads, Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (or . The scheme envisions that these roads will be constructed and maintained by the village panchayats.
In some parts of India, where the government has attempted to manage it directly as a local social spending program, this program has produced limited results and no lasting change over 1. The effort has aimed to build all- season, single lane, paved asphalted roads that connect India's rural and remote areas. A significant portion of funding for these projects has come from the World Bank and Asian Development Bank. Alone, it eats up over 3% of all public spending in India. The report claims Jairam Ramesh, the minister in charge of the central government department administering the program, criticises uneven, patchy implementation of the scheme. He describes wasteful construction of items such as roads that quickly crumble away.
The results, in many areas, fall short of the huge sums spent. The funds aimed to employ local villagers through their panchayats is not changing the quality of rural roads, rather ending up in wasteful spending and corrupt government officials. The gloomiest estimates suggest two- thirds of allocated scheme funds is being squandered. A review published by the Ministry in September 2. There were rules banning the use of machinery or contractors, labour is usually by shovel, resulting in patchy construction of roads, drains, ponds, dams and other assets that are of very poor quality. The government scheme has failed to improve India's awful rural infrastructure. These rural roads get washed away each monsoon, only to be rebuilt, badly, the following year.
In addition to maintenance, the expansion of the network and widening of existing roads is becoming increasingly important. This would then enable the roads to handle increased traffic, and also allow for a corresponding increase in the average movement speed on India's roads. In 2. 00. 9, lane capacity was low and only about 1. India's roads were four lanes or above.
Non- fatal accident rates reported on Indian roads was 4. China, and 1. 10. United States. The report notes that not all accidents in India and China are reported and recorded.
The low road densities per 1. Because of the congestion, the fuel efficiency of the vehicles in India is very low. This increases the overall fuel consumption per equivalent kilometer travelled, besides resulting in heavy pollution since the engines run very inefficiently at such low speeds. According to DHL, a global logistics company, the average time to truck shipments from New Delhi to Bengaluru (Bangalore), a 2. In contrast, a similar journey takes about half the time in China, and one third in European Union countries.
In a 2. 01. 0 report, KPMG . Some findings of this report include: The average road speed in India has increased to 3. The worldwide average road speed, which includes China, ranges between 6. Japan, in comparison, has average surface freight costs of US$0. The KPMG report also notes that India's road network logistics and transportation bottlenecks hinder its GDP growth by one to two percent (US$1. In India's 2. 01.
Poor rural roads and traffic congestion inside the cities remains a challenge in India. The planned addition of over 1. The constraints and issues with Indian road network differ from one state to another.
Some states, such as Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, have remarkably better road network than others. See also. Retrieved 3 April 2. Retrieved 7 June 2.
Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Government of India. NHAI, Ministry of Roads Transport, Govt of India.
Pension Funds May Invest in India Road Projects, Nath Says. ISBN 9. 78- 8. 1- 7. Ministry of Road Transport, Government of India. Ministry of Road Transport, Government of India. New Delhi: Department of Road Transport and Highways. Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Government of India. Retrieved 3 April 2.
Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, Government of India. Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, Government of India. Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Government of India. Secretariat for Infrastructure, Govt of India. Ministry of Road Transport & Highways. Retrieved 2. 1 June 2.
Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India.